Faculty of Agronomy, Čačak

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The Faculty of Agronomy, Čačak is a public higher education institution founded in 1978 as part of the University of Kragujevac. The Faculty was accredited in 2008 and reaccredited in 2013 under the Bologna Process. The 2019 reaccreditation process is underway.

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The Faculty consists of nine departments, including the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Biology, Microbial Biotechnology and Plant Protection; Soil and Agricultural Machinery; Field and Vegetable Crop Production; Fruit and Grape Growing; Animal Husbandry and Animal Raw Materials Processing Technology; Food Technology; Organisational Economics; and Mathematics, Physics and Engineering Sciences.

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A catalyst coated electrode for electrochemical formaldehyde oxidation
(2020) Spasojević M.; Spasojević M.; Ribic-Zelenovic, Lenka
© 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature. Abstract: Thermally prepared catalytic coatings on a titanium substrate were composed of a mixture of nanocrystals of metallic Pt and RuO2 of rutile structure and used for electrooxidation of formaldehyde. The size of the RuO2 nanocrystals increased, whereas those of Pt decreased with increasing the content of RuO2 in the mixture. At more positive potentials, the maximum catalytic activities showed the coatings with lower content of RuO2. Mechanism of formaldehyde oxidation was derived to show two reaction pathways. In the first one, H2C(OH)2 was directly oxidized to CO2, whereas COad was formed in the latter. COad is strongly adsorbed on Pt atoms, which causes blocking of these atoms and thus, preventing direct dehydrogenation of H2C(OH)2 to CO2. The overall catalytic effect of the mixture of nanocrystals was caused by the bifunctional mechanism. Thus, the Ru atoms formed the oxy species at more negative potentials than Pt. These oxy species oxidized the COad intermediates, bound to adjacent Pt atoms and accordingly, discharged them for dehydrogenation of new molecules of H2C(OH)2. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
Acceptability of bread supplemented with yeast extract to consumers
(University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022) Filipović, Vladimir; Filipović, Jelena; Petković, Marko; Pezo, Lato; Košutic, Milenko; vučurović, vesna
A new type of functional food products-bread supplemented with yeast extract-was developed and optimized. In the next product development phase, samples of bread with yeast extract were tasted and evaluated by 536 randomly selected consumers, and their acceptability was analyzed.. The survey results showed that consumers in all groups had a high level of awareness about the importance of product labeling and the impact of food on health, while low requirements for special diets. Bread sensory characteristics were highly acceptable, while the final price of bread with yeast extract was 20% higher than regular bread. Correspondence analysis showed differentiation among categories of consumers and their responses. Despite the high importance of product price and lack of proper marketing, there was a high level of consumers' willingness to change their current bread, and buy this new type.
Accumulation of heavy metals in flowers of fruit species
(2014) Milošević, Tomo; Đurić, Milena; Milošević, Nebojša
The main objective of the present study is to measure the levels of heavy metals in important fruit species such as apple, apricot, and nectarine and their nine, five, and six cultivars, respectively. This work investigates the accumulation of Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr in flowers of above species, to measure the levels of heavy metal contamination. The obtained results revealed that amounts of heavy metals significantly varied among cultivars at the same species and were within the permissible amounts in general. The Cd was not detected in apricot, nectarine, and the most of apple cultivars. Results for floral Fe, and also for Cu and Zn, which are the most important micronutrients for fruit production, suggest that levels of these elements might be used for assessing the storage of these elements during the previous season. We assume that the production of apple, apricot, and nectarine is safe, and there is no risk of contamination with heavy metals. © Springer International Publishing 2014.
Accumulation of nitrate in spinach depending on forms and doses of nitrogen
(2012) Zdravkovic M.; Cvikić D.; Pavlović N.; Zdravković J.; Pavlovic, Radisa; Bošković-Rakočević, Ljiljana; Durić M.
Nitrogen, as one of the most important element of nutrition, has lots of specifics. Its adsorption by plants directly depends on its content in the soil, as well as from the form and doses of nitrogen fertilizers. Spinach belongs to the group of nitrophillic vegetables. Since nitrogen overdoses can jeopardize spinach nutritive value, a special attention should be given to its nitrogen fertilization. The experimental part of this research was conducted during spring of 2009 and 2010 by applying two types of nitrogen fertilizers (CAN and urea) in three variants (80, 160 and 240 kg/ha N). The testing was performed on commercial variety Matador (Institute for Vegetable Crops, Smederevska Palanka). The results show that the use of high doses of nitrogen caused higher accumulation of nitrate in spinach. Statistically significant higher level of nitrogen was found in leaves treated with CAN comparing to urea. Spinach yield was directly dependent from the nitrogen doses supplied, but no statistically significant difference was found among nitrogen forms.
Adaptive system for dam behavior modeling based on linear regression and genetic algorithms
(Elsevier BV, 2013-11) Stojanović, Boban; Milivojević, Milovan; Ivanović, Miloš; Milivojević, Nikola; Divac, Dejan
Most of the existing methods for dam behavior modeling require a persistent set of input parameters. In real-world applications, failures of the measuring equipment can lead to a situation in which a selected model becomes unusable because of the volatility of the independent variables set. This paper presents an adaptive system for dam behavior modeling that is based on a multiple linear regression (MLR) model and is optimized for given conditions using genetic algorithms (GA). Throughout an evolutionary process, the system performs real-time adjustment of regressors in the MLR model according to currently active sensors. The performance of the proposed system has been evaluated in a case study of modeling the Bocac dam (at the Vrbas River located in the Republic of Srpska), whereby an MLR model of the dam displacements has been optimized for periods when the sensors were malfunctioning. Results of the analysis have shown that, under real-world circumstances, the proposed methodology outperforms traditional regression approaches.
AGROBIOLOŠKA SVOJSTVA SORTE SEMIJON U OPLENAČKOM VINOGORJU
(Agronomski fakultet, 2021) Garic, Mlađan; Vukosavljević, Vera; Bosiočic, Zoran
The paper presents the results of the study of some agrobiological properties of the Semijon variety in the conditions of the Oplenac vineyards. The vineyard was built in 2014 and is in the phase of growing yield. The planting distance is 2.5 x1.0 m. During the examination period, favorable meteorological conditions prevailed for the growth and development of the Semion variety.The test results indicate that in the Oplenac vineyards there are favorable agroecological conditions for growing the Semijon variety and achieving the characteristic quality of grapes and wine.
Agronomic properties and nutritional status of plum trees (Prunus domestica L.) influenced by different cultivars
(2013) Milošević, Tomo; Milošević, N.; Glisic, Ivana
The tree growth, fruit weight and leaf mineral status of ten plum cultivars grafted on rootstock of autochthonous plum 'Belošljiva' under high density planting system (HDP) on acidic soil was investigated in the fifth and sixth leaf. Results indicated that tree vigour, fruit weight and productivity significantly depend on the cultivar. 'Čačanska Najbolja' had the most vigorous trees, while 'Čačanska Lepotica' had the smallest. The fruit weight was the highest in 'Čačanska Rana', and the lowest in 'd'Agen'. 'Stanley' was the most productive cultivar in 2006 and 'Čačanska Rodna' in 2007. Yield efficiency was the highest in 'Čačanska Lepotica' and the lowest in 'Ruth Gerstetter', 'Čačanska Rana', 'Čačanska Najbolja' and 'Opal', respectively. Significant differences were observed among cultivars for leaf major nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) levels at 120 DAFB. Larger imbalance of leaf major elements was observed in 'd'Agen', whereas good balance was found in 'Violeta'. © 2013 Chilean Society of Soil Science.
ALTERNATIVNI NAČINI SNABDEVANJA VIŠEGODIŠNJIH KRMNIH LEGUMINOZA FOSFOROM
(University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022) Tomić, Dalibor; Stevović, Vladeta; Đurović, Dragan; Madic, Milomirka; Marjanović, Miloš; Pavlović, Nenad
Recently, we have witnessed a continuous rise in the prices of phosphorus fertilizers, which are becoming less and less available, especially in developing countries. In addition, the low mobility of phosphorus in the soil and its immobilization in forms inaccessible to plants contribute to the lower efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers applied through the soil. In order to reduce these problems, efforts are being made to find alternative solutions for supplying perennial forage legumes with phosphorus, which could in the future contribute to an economical and efficient solution to the problem of phosphorus deficiency in plants. One such solution is foliar fertilization. However, today we are also working on breeding plants in the direction of creating genotypes with better root architecture. Also, we are working on the selection of genotypes that can use phosphorus from sparingly soluble phytates, as well as the selection in the direction of intensifying symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi that contribute to the mobility of phosphorus in the soil.
Aluminium content in leaf and root of oat (Avena sativa L.) grown on pseudogley soil
(2011) Djuric M.; Mladenovic J.; Pavlovic, Radisa; Murtic N.; Murtić S.; Milic V.; Šekularac, Gordana
Acid soils are not suitable for cultivation of agricultural crops as increased concentrations of hydrogen ions hinder the uptake of most nutrients. The adverse effects of increased soil acidity also include release of aluminium (Al) ions from the adsorption complex and hence, an increase in their concentration in the soil solution and plants. Aluminium ions block phosphorus and potassium uptake by the crop, thus leading to disturbance of plant growth and development, as well as to a substantial decline in crop yield and quality. This suggests that the use of such soils is not justified in terms of successful plant production. The objective of this study was to use liming to neutralise excess acidity of pseudogley soil under oat crop and evaluate the effect of soil pH improvement measures on the aluminium content of both the leaf and root of oat (Avena sativa L.) cv. Mediteran. Three liming treatments were employed [1.0, 3.0 and 4.0 t ha -1 calcium carbonate (CaCO 3)]. The treatments with 3.0 and 4.0 t ha -1 CaCO 3 induced no Al presence in oat plants, suggesting that liming in these treatments was successful in terms of aluminium content. © 2011 Academic Journals.
An analysis of the profitability of the restitution of sessile oak forests affected by wildfires in Serbia
(2021) Ratknić M.; Poduska Z.; Ratknić M.; Subić, Jonel; Šekularac, Gordana; Aksic M.; Vještica S.
Wildfires caused by climate change in Europe have numerous and long-lasting ecological, economic, and social implications for sustainable development (natural environment, economy, and society as a whole). Artificial revitalization of sessile oak forests destroyed by wildfires in Serbia is feasible, but it is quite expensive compared to the spontaneous regeneration. Cost-benefit analysis (an economic approach to comparing and estimating the benefits and shortcomings of a particular business plan, i.e., an investment project by analyzing its costs and benefits) is aimed at finding the best solutions and making the best decisions about the desirability of a project. It was concluded that the investment in the restitution of sessile oak forests could be profitable only if it was based on wood production. Wood production may bear slightly higher interest rates compared to previous estimates which ranged mainly around 3%. This primarily applies to better site classes, while poor quality sites require lower rates. At lower discount rates, it takes more time to reach the break-even point, while the period of time needed to reach the break-even point shortens with higher discount rates. The length of the production cycle plays an important role in determining the investment profitability, especially regarding the relationship between the length of the production cycle and production targets (the type and the quality of wood assortments produced). According to the results of the analysis of intangible benefits and costs, the costs outweigh the benefits, which makes the restitution of sessile oak forests destroyed by fires unacceptable.
Analiza diverziteta flore dela severozapadne Srbije i Šumadije u odnosu na nadmorsku visinu i na tipove staništa
(Agronomski fakultet, 2020) Brkovic, Dusko; Branković, Snežana; Marković, Goran
Analiza uticaja nadmorske visine pokazuju da je najveći apsolutni broj taksona zabeležen u visinskom pojasu 500-750m (78.16%), sledi visinski pojas od 250-500m (70.06%), 750-1000m (59.86%). Najmanji broj taksona registrovan je na visinama 1250-1500m., svega (4.13%) od ukupnog broja registrovanih taksona. Najveći broj vrsta i podvrsta konstatovan je u okviru šumskih staništa (65.86%) ukupne flore ispitivanog područja, nešto manji broj taksona zabeležen je na travnatim tipovima staništa (57.83%). Znatno manji broj biljaka je u šumskim progalama (20.85%) i ruderalnim tipovi staništa (19.27%), od ukupnog broja taksona ispitivanog područja. Ostali tipovi staništa su znatno manje zastupljeni
ANALIZA ŽIVOTNIH FORMI FLORE BRDSKO-PLANINSKOG PODRUČJA SEVEROZAPADNE SRBIJE I ŠUMADIJE
(University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022) Brković, Duško; Branković, Snežana; Đelić, Gorica; Marković, Goran; Grbović, Filip
The biological spectrum of the flora of a particular area is a complex indicator interdependence of plant life forms and ecological characteristics of the area. The spectra of life forms are a reflection of the adaptation of plants over time. The most common life forms in the flora of the investigated area are hemicryptophytes with 46.6%, followed by therophytes with 18.2% and geophytes with 12.7% taxa. Phanerophytes with 10.4% and hamephytes with 8.3% from less represented life forms. The investigated area is characterized by the largest share of hemicryptophytes, which is a characteristic of the flora of the temperate region, and a slight increase in the presence of geophytes and phanerophytes is noticeable, as opposed to slightly less hamephytes and significantly less hydrophytes.
Analysis of fresh and processed carrots and beets from organic and conventional production for the content of nutrients and antioxidant activity
(University of Kragujevac - Faculty of Agronomy, Čačak, 2020) Pavlović, Nenad; Zdravković, Milan; Mladenović, Jelena; Štrbanović, Ratibor; Zdravković, Jasmina
In order to popularise organically produced vegetables, two vegetable crops most commonly grown in organic systems in Serbia were studied. This research aimed at investigating differences in phytonutrient content between organically and conventionally produced beet and carrot, in fresh roots, juices pasteurised at different temperatures (70 and 90oC) and dried products. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis) was used in order to determine the main components accounting for the highest variance, from both systems of production, according to the average content of phytonutrients in beet and carrot. The samples were divided into two clusters, one for carrot and one for beet, each containing two subgroups. The subclusters for beet were: I - BDO, BDC, BJ90C, and BJ90O - dried samples and juices pasteurised at 90oC, from both systems of production; and II - BFC, BFO, BJ70O and BJ70C - fresh beet and pasteurisation at low temperatures. The two sub-clusters for carrot were: I - CDO and CDC - dried samples; and II - pasteurised juices and fresh carrots from both systems of production. In this research, carrot was more stable for processing than beet, as determined for samples from the study area, from both systems of production and for the phytonutrients covered by this research.
Analysis of the effect of temperature and reaction time on yields, compositions and oil quality in catalytic and non-catalytic lignin solvolysis in a formic acid/water media using experimental design
(2017) Oregui-Bengeochea, Mikel; Miletic, Nemanja; Vogt M.; Arias, Pedro Luis; Barth T.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd The catalytic solvolysis of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) lignin in a formic acid/water media was explored at different temperatures and reaction times (283–397 °C and 21–700 min, respectively). Non-catalyzed experiments were compared with the effect of three different type of bifunctional catalysts (Pd/Al2O3, Rh/Al2O3 and Ru/Al2O3) and a solid Lewis acid (γ–Al2O3). We demonstrated that surface response methodology (RSM) and principal component analysis (PCA) were an adequate tool to: (i) evaluate the effect of the catalysts, temperature and reaction time in the oil yield, oil quality (H/C and O/C ratios, and Mw) and composition of the oil, (ii) establish the differences and/or similarities between the three bifunctional catalyst and (iii) to determine the role of the noble metal and the alumina support in the reaction system. In addition, the most active catalysts, Ru/Al2O3, and the optimum reaction conditions were determined (i.e. 340 °C and 6 h).
Analysis of the impact of fruit growing development on the intensity of soil erosion and runoff: Case study of krusevo, bijelo polje, Montenegro
(2021) Spalevic , Velibor; Zejak D.; Curovic, Milic; Glisic, Ivan; Radović A.
The research has been conducted to analyse the effects of land use change of the impact of fruit growing development on the intensity of soil erosion and runoff in the Study area of Krusevo, Bijelo Polje, Montenegro by using the Intensity of Erosion and Outflow – IntErO model of Spalevic. The required spatial maps, land use, soil and geology were prepared and analysed in GIS environment. The climatic data such as the volume of the torrential rain, average annual air temperature and average annual precipitation were calculated based on meteorological data received from the State Hydrological Institute for the region of Bijelo Polje (Montenegro). The results of land use change between these two periods (2011-2020) shown that the forest increased in the studied region by 1.57%. Specifically, degraded forests increased by 1.02%; Well-constituted forests increased by 0.55%. For the studied area we calculated forested area on 57.26% (2011), and 58.83% (2020). The values for Meadows in the studied area decreased from 2011 to 2020 for 1.67%; and for Pastures for 1.40%. Plough-lands decreased for the observed period for 1.59%. On the other hand, the surface under the Orchards increased by 3.09%, and that represented the shift from the Meadows to the Orchards; the shift from the Pastures to the Forests. This denser vegetation at the studied region for the observed period (increase of the forests and orchards) has led to higher water infiltration rate into the soil and at the same time to decrease of the sediment yield. The value of Z coefficient of 0.462 (2011); 0.461 (2020) indicates slight decrease of erosion processes because of the fruit growing development with shifting the meadows to orchards categorising the processes to the 3rd destruction category. The strength of the erosion process is medium, and according to the erosion type, it is surface erosion. Production of erosion material in the river basin, W year, is calculated on 11327 m3year-1 for 2011; and 11278 m3 year-1 for 2020, what shown the decrease of erosion processes because of the subject fruit growing development. Coefficient of the deposit retention (sediment delivery ratio) is calculated as 0.299 what means that 30% of the total eroded material reaches to the outlet point. Real soil losses, G year, are calculated on 3392 m3 year-1 (2011), and 3377 (2020); Real soil losses per km2, G year km-2, are 262 m3 km-2 year-1 (2011), and 261 m3km-2 year-1 (2020), with the same conclusion in relation to the fruit growing initiatives and the values indicates that the river basin belongs to 5th destruction category; it is a region of very weak erosion. The results showed that the appropriate land management and planning with implementing fruit growing in this area decreases maximum flow rate and also sediment yield. The application of the IntErO model may also be further used to understand the effect of land use change with new establishing of the fruit growing in the river basins on hydrological behaviour, soil erosion and sediment yield process and can be used as a useful tool in similar for fruit growing and soil conservation research.
Analysis of the profitability of the restitution of fire-affected beech forests in Serbia
(2017) R Atknić T.; Milovanovic J.; Ratknić M.; Šekularac, Gordana; Subic J.; Jeločnik M.; Poduska Z.
© 2017, ALÖKI Kft. The number of forest fires in Serbia caused by climate change has been continuously growing in recent decades, thus making the rehabilitation of the burned area increasingly important. In the period from 2003 to 2015, the total burned area (42.2%) was in beech forests. Cost-Benefit Analysis (the dynamic and the static approaches) was used as an approach to estimating the effects that restitution of beech forests can have on the environment, with the aim of finding the best solutions and making the best decisions about the desirability of the project. The dynamic approach (the analysis of tangible benefits and costs) led us to the conclusion that the investment in the restitution of beech forests destroyed by fires could be profitable only if it was based on wood production. Wood production may, depending on the site class, bear slightly higher interest rates (to better site classes) compared to previous estimates which ranged mainly around 3%. At lower discount rates (on poor quality sites), it takes more time to reach the break-even point, while the period of time needed to reach the break-even point shortens with higher discount rates. According to the static approach (the analysis of intangible benefits and costs) the benefits outweigh the costs, which makes the restitution of beech forests destroyed by fires acceptable.
Analytical and environmental control of water quality of the Bjelica river
(University of Kragujevac - Faculty of Agronomy, Čačak, 2018) Mašković, Jelena; Marković, Goran; Mašković, Pavle
This paper presents the main water quality characteristics of the Bjelica River before and after the discharge of Lučani wastewaters. The objectives of the research included analytical and environmental testing and assessment of the water quality of the Bjelica River before and after the discharge of wastewaters from the Lučani town collector. The results of the physicochemical analysis of major water quality indicators were used. Testing was conducted in July and October 2015, and January, May and July 2016. Assays were performed at the Public Health Institute, Čačak and at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agronomy, Čačak. The water quality of the river was assessed as moderate ecological status or Class III category of surface waters. The results of the river water quality analysis indicated that the quality of the river water was better before the inflow of effluents from the town collector.
Antifeeding and insecticidal activity of Ailanthus altissima and Morus alba extracts against gipsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.), lepidoptera, lymantridae) larvae under laboratory conditions
(2021) Tanaskovic, Snežana; Gvozdenac, Sonja; Kolarov R.; Bursić V.; Konstantinović B.; Prvulović, Dejan
Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.) is one of most important defoliating pests of deciduous trees. Due to increased environmental demands, the use of plant-based preparations is gaining in importance as a control option for this pest in forestry, agriculture and horticulture. The aim of this study was to evaluate antifeeding and insecticidal activity of 0.5, 1 and 2% extracts of Ailanthus altissima bark and leaves, and Morus alba leaves, against L. dispar larvae under laboratory conditions. Antioxidant capacity of plant extracts was determined, as well as the content of phenolic compounds by spectrophotometric and HPLC-DAD methods. Antifeeding and insecticidal effects were tested in a “no-choice” test. The highest content of all bioactive phenolic compounds was in A. altissima bark and M. alba leaf extracts. The lowest leaf consumption after 24 and 48 h was in A. аltissima bark (5.03, 9.30%, respectively) and M. alba leaf (1.44, 3.22%, respectively) extracts. A. altissima bark and M. alba leaf extracts expressed strong antifeeding activity. After 24 h, all extracts expressed slight insecticidal effect (2.25-17.50% of mortality). The mortality increased after 48 h in treatments with A. altissima bark extract, at all applied concentrations (40.0-57.50%) and M. alba leaves at 1 and 2% concentrations (30.0-62.50%). Our results indicate that extracts of A. altissima bark and M. alba leaves may act as effective low-cost natural protectants able to control the presence of gypsy moth in ecosystems. Extracts of A. altissima bark and M. alba leaves expressed strong antifeeding activity and significant insecticidal effect on gypsy moth larvae, at all applied concentrations.
Antimicrobial activity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) extract grown in plastic and glasshouses
(2012) Zdravković J.; Pavlović N.; Pavlovic, Radisa; Mašković, Pavle; Mladenovic J.; Durić M.; Aćamović-Doković G.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) has been more and more present in the everyday nutrition in the last few years, with very characteristic seasonal consumption. This vegetable has a high prophylactic effect due to high level of biologically active matters in it. Its strong and visually attractive colours indicate the presence of phenol compounds and therefore the antimicrobial activity. Lettuce in this research has been grown in the winter in two types of controlled conditions: plastic and glass houses. The research material was the variety Neva belonging to olive-butter type of lettuce, originating from Institute for Vegetable Crops from Smederevska Palanka. At the horticultural maturity, lettuce samples have been tested for antibacterial activity. Extracts of lettuce leaves were prepared by cold maceration with 50% ethanol. In order to determinate the antimicrobial activity of the extract, clean cultures originating from The Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera Torlak: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13883, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus vulgaris ATCC13315, Proteus mirabilis ATCC14153, Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, Candida albicans ATCC10231, Aspergillus niger ATCC16404 have been used. Antimicrobial activity was determined by using microdilution. Reference antibiotics used for bacterial strains have been Amracin and Nystatin for fungal strains. The research aimed to establish antimicrobial effect of lettuce extract originating glass house (S1) and plastic house (S 2) in order to determinate the possibility of using these extracts in the pharmaceutical and food industry as a potential natural preservative. The results showed that the best antimicrobial activity had lettuce extract from S2 plastic house on strains Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis in concentration 19,53 μg/ml while lettuce extract S1 from green house has been 78,125 μg/ml on all researched strains except on Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
Antimicrobial activity of selected essential oils against selected pathogenic bacteria: In vitro study
(2021) Puvača, Nikola; Milenković J.; Galonja Coghill T.; Bursić V.; Petrovic A.; Tanasković, Snežana; Pelić, Miloš; Ljubojević Pelic D.; Miljkovic M.
The worldwide problem of infectious diseases has appeared in recent years, and an-timicrobial agents are crucial in reducing disease emergence. Nevertheless, the development and distribution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains in pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi and Citrobacter koseri, has become a major society health haz-ard. Essential oils could serve as a promising tool as a natural drug in fighting the problem with these bacteria. The current study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effectiveness of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér.), and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill) essential oils. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils were screened against four pathogenic bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus, S. Tyhpi, and C. koseri, and two reference bacterial strains, while for the testing, the agar well diffusion method was used. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (GC–MSD) analyses were performed on essential oils. The obtained results showed that M. alternifolia essential oil is the richest in terpinen-4-ol, R. officinalis and E. oblique essential oils in 1,8-cineole, and L. angustifolia essential oil in α-terpinyl acetate. In addition, the main bioactive compounds present in the essential oil of tea tree are rich in α-pinene (18.38%), limonene (7.55%) and γ-terpinene (14.01%). The essential oil of rosemary is rich in α-pinene (8.38%) and limonene (11.86%); eucalyptus essential oil has significant concentrations of α-pinene (12.60%), p-cymene (3.24%), limonene (3.87%), and γ-terpinene (7.37%), while the essential oil of lavender is rich in linalool (10.71%), linalool acetate (9.60%), α-terpinyl acetate (10.93%), and carbitol (13.05%) bioactive compounds, respectively. The obtained results from the in vitro study revealed that most of the essential oils exhibited antimicrobial properties. Among the tested essential oils, tea tree was discovered to demonstrate the strongest antimicrobial activity. The recorded MIC of S. Typhi was 6.2 mg/mL, 3.4 mg/mL of C. koseri, 3.1 mg/mL of E. coli, and 2.7 mg/mL of E. coli ATCC 25922, compared to M. alternifolia. Similarly, only S. aureus ATCC 25923 showed antimicrobial activity towards R. officinalis (1.4 mg/mL), E. oblique (2.9 mg/mL), and L. angustifolia (2.1 mg/mL). Based on the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that tea tree essential oil might be used as an ecological antimicrobial in treating infectious diseases caused by the tested pathogens.

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